issue_asbos_behaviour

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Issues - Anti-social Behaviour & Bullying

What is ever more amazing is that this Government looks to deal with the symptoms rather than the cause.
Without independent and impartial research being used to inform policy it is likely that further damage to young people will be caused.
Fining youths is a non-starter as the basic community structure and moral codes necessary are rapidly disappearing (if they have not disappeared already).
So just as sex education will result in more pregnancies as sex becomes acceptable at a younger and younger age so making youths into criminals at a young stage of their lives when teenagers are under exam pressure throughout their childhoods, when there is a catastrophic rate of family breakdown, when greed has become acceptable and morality has taken two steps backwards.
No-one appears to have looked into the behaviour and psychology of the youth today to determine the policies but rather the method has been decided in an ad0hoc manner.
This article below explains the Government initiative:
Findings from the British Crime Survey (BCS) 2000 revealed that nine per cent of adults had experienced disorderly and anti-social behaviour in the last year. The most commonly cited anti-social behaviour was young people being rude or abusive (cited by a fifth of respondents).
Title: Tackling anti-social behaviour: What really works
Author: Rachel Armitage
Series: Community Safety Practice Briefing
Number of pages: 12
Date published: September 2002
? Young people and students were particularly likely to state that they had experienced anti-social behaviour.
? Between April 1999 and March 2002, a total of 583 Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) were granted.
? Of the 466 ASBOs granted between April 1999 and September 2001, 84 per cent were on men, and 74 per cent were on those aged 21 years and under.
? A Home Office Review of ASBOs found that 36 per cent of the orders were breached within nine months of being granted (some up to five times).
? The average ASBO costs more than £5,000 and takes over three months to obtain.
? In 2000, over half of those sentenced in court for a breach of an ASBO received a custodial sentence.
? Between April 1999 and September 2001, 141 parliamentary questions were asked about anti-social behaviour.
? 55 per cent of local authorities stated that they currently had an anti-social behaviour policy, a further 16 per cent stated that they were currently developing one. Metropolitan authorities were most likely to have a policy or be in the process of developing one (84 per cent) with county councils least likely.
? 29 per cent of local authorities had a dedicated officer dealing with anti-social behaviour. 26 per cent had a team dealing with this work. A third of local authorities had no officer or team.
Tackling anti-social behaviour is high on the agenda of both national government and local agencies. Local partnerships, together with local communities, have been encouraged to identify local problems, develop strategies and action plans, and evaluate their interventions to inform future practice.
This briefing highlights examples of work carried out by local authorities that are considered to have been successful in tackling anti-social behaviour. Three types of intervention are considered:
? enforcement
? prevention
? education
Evaluations of what works in reducing anti-social behaviour are scarce. Where they do exist, they are carried out locally with very little standardisation in methodology. For this reason, it is difficult to make informed judgements about what works and what does not work to reduce anti-social behaviour. Despite this, however, it is clear that a focus upon one element of intervention at the expense of others can only result in a quick fix at the expense of any long-term solutions. Partners need to address anti-social behaviour using a holistic approach that includes enforcement, prevention and education.
The briefing covers the following topics:
? Defining anti-social behaviour
? Measuring anti-social behaviour
? Why does anti-social behaviour matter?
? Legal measures before Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs)
? Tackling anti-social behaviour through enforcement: Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs)
? Other interventions that use enforcement to address anti-social behaviour
? Tackling anti-social behaviour through prevention
? Tackling anti-social behaviour through education
? Conclusions

Some of the tactics to be employed are listed below:

PART 3
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES
Parenting orders under the 1998 Act
18
Parenting orders under the 1998 Act

Truancy and exclusion from school
19
Parenting contracts in cases of exclusion from school or truancy20
Parenting orders in cases of exclusion from school21
Parenting orders: supplemental22
Parenting orders: appeals23
Penalty notices for parents in cases of truancy24
Interpretation

Criminal conduct and anti-social behaviour
25
Parenting contracts in respect of criminal conduct and anti-social behaviour26
Parenting orders in respect of criminal conduct and anti-social behaviour27
Parenting orders: supplemental28
Parenting orders: appeals29
Interpretation and consequential amendment

PART 4
DISPERSAL OF GROUPS ETC.
30
Dispersal of groups and removal of persons under 16 to their place of residence31
Authorisations: supplemental32
Powers under section 30: supplemental33
Powers of community support officers34
Code of practice35
Authorisations by British Transport Police36
Interpretation

PART 5
FIREARMS
37
Possession of air weapon or imitation firearm in public place38
Air weapons: age limits39
Prohibition of certain air weapons

PART 6
THE ENVIRONMENT
Noise
40
Closure of noisy premises41
Closure of noisy premises: supplemental42
Dealing with noise at night

Penalty notices for graffiti and fly-posting
43
Penalty notices for graffiti and fly-posting44
Meaning of relevant offence45
Penalty receipts46
Powers of police civilians47
Interpretation etc

Removal of graffiti
48
Graffiti removal notices49
Recovery of expenditure50
Guidance51
Appeals52
Exemption from liability in relation to graffiti removal notices

Advertisements
53
Display of advertisements in contravention of regulations

Aerosol paints
54
Sale of aerosol paint to children

Waste and litter
55
Unlawfully deposited waste etc56
Extension of litter authority powers to take remedial action

PART 7
PUBLIC ORDER AND TRESPASS
57
Public assemblies58
Raves59
Aggravated trespass60
Power to remove trespassers: alternative site available61
Failure to comply with direction: offences62
Failure to comply with direction: seizure63
Common land: modifications64
Interpretation

PART 8
HIGH HEDGES
Introductory
65
Complaints to which this Part applies66
High hedges67
Domestic property

Complaints procedure
68
Procedure for dealing with complaints69
Remedial notices70
Withdrawal or relaxation of requirements of remedial notices

Appeals
71
Appeals against remedial notices and other decisions of relevant authorities72
Appeals procedure73
Determination or withdrawal of appeals

Powers of entry
74
Powers of entry for the purposes of complaints and appeals

Enforcement powers etc.
75
Offences76
Power to require occupier to permit action to be taken by owner77
Action by relevant authority78
Offences committed by bodies corporate

Supplementary
79
Service of documents80
Documents in electronic form81
Power to make further provision about documents in electronic form82
Interpretation83
Power to amend sections 65 and 6684
Crown application

PART 9
MISCELLANEOUS POWERS
85
Anti-social behaviour orders86
Certain orders made on conviction of offences87
Penalty notices for disorderly behaviour by young persons88
Curfew orders and supervision orders89
Extension of powers of community support officers etc.90
Report by local authority in certain cases where person remanded on bail91
Proceedings under section 222 of the Local Government Act 1972: power of arrest attached to injunction

The full legislation as it stands:

http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/20030038.htm

Could this all be a tool to add more power and control to central Government, to pit one citizen against another, to make more revenue through the fines system????

Will ASBOS stop genetic factors?

Bad behaviour linked to gene

Analysis revealed a genetic link
The chances of anti-social behaviour among boys who are maltreated as they grow up may be determined by their genetic make-up, research suggests.
Researchers from King's College in London have found that boys who have a particular version of a gene are much more likely to go off the rails if they suffer maltreatment when young.

The results provide evidence that a person's genetic make up can influence their sensitivity to environmental factors

Professor Terrie Moffitt
The discovery raises the possibility of developing drugs to combat crime, the scientists believe.
But critics are concerned that youngsters could be labelled as potential troublemakers before they have committed any crime.
They also fear that governments may turn to using drugs to fight crime, rather than tackling deep-rooted social problems.
Enzyme levels
The gene in question controls activity of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase A (MAOA).
The researchers studied a group of young men, of whom 154 had been maltreated, 33 severely.
They found that those who carried a version of the gene linked to low levels of MAOA production were much more likely to indulge in anti-social behaviour such as violent crime.
Conversely, anti-social behaviour was much less likely among the group who carried a version of the gene linked to higher MAOA levels.
Brain chemicals
MAOA breaks down brain chemicals that have been shown to be involved in several aspects of behaviour, including aggression.

Don't add to the problem by layering in a new generation of so-called violence preventing drugs

Professor Stephen Post
Researcher Professor Terrie Moffitt said: "A third of the population have a genetic makeup associated with low activity of MAOA, and at first we could not show a link between genetic make-up and violence in the study.
"However, if those individuals with the at-risk genetic make-up were also maltreated, then they were much more likely to develop antisocial behaviour."
The researchers found 12% of the 442 individuals studied were men had been maltreated, and who had the gene linked to low MAOA levels.
However, this group were responsible for 44% of violent crimes committed by the whole sample group.
Professor Moffitt said: "The results provide evidence that a person's genetic make up can influence their sensitivity to environmental factors.
"These findings may also partly explain why not all victims of maltreatment grow up to victimise others - some genes may actually promote resistance to stress and trauma."
Professor Stephen Post, an expert in bioethics at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, US, warned against jumping to the conclusion that the breakthrough could be used to develop new drugs to treat anti-social behaviour.
He said: "Many people will have the genetic susceptibility and yet show remarkable resiliency in the face of maltreatment, going on to live constructive lives.
"Violence in maltreated children is a major issue. Stop the maltreatment, and don't add to the problem by layering in a new generation of so-called violence preventing drugs."
Pointers help prevent anti-social behaviour
By MARLENE HABIB -- Canadian Press
News of school shootings and other delinquent behaviour raises the question: Are kids more troubled nowadays than they were a few decades ago?

Dr. Jalal Shamsie, a psychiatrist who has been working with problem young people since 1963, just has to point to his new book to indicate that something has gone wrong.

The 381-page book, launched at a recent conference on anti-social youth, is a collection of studies from 600 experts. The research covers topics such as juvenile delinquency, child abuse and neglect, substance use and suicide.

There has been a substantial increase in the number of articles and journals over the past two decades aimed at problems among the under-19 set, reflecting the dramatic rise in youth crime statistics, notes the preface to the book by Shamsie, and fellow researchers Sorrel Nicholl and Kirsten Madsen.

The good news is, "in the past, people thought nothing works with anti-social youth, but there are approaches that work," says Shamsie, founder of the Institute for the Study of Anti-Social Behaviour in Youth at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

The research has found that kids who display anti-social behaviour -- like compulsive lying, running away and skipping school -- don't choose to be bad. Rather, the most troubled kids come from families, where, for instance, there's no communication between parents and kids, there's physical or sexual abuse, or little supervision.

Shamsie is hesitant to put all the pressure on parents. But he says research backs the view that changes to the family, including more single-parent and dual-income households, have contributed to kids having less guidance.

For instance, one study of 200 adolescents -- separated into one group with conduct problems and a group of "normal" adolescents -- found availability of supervision was the crucial factor contributing to anti-social behaviour.

Then again, it's also not healthy for kids to grow up in families where the parents are frequently at each other's throats, because it can lead to anxiety and depression. The same study found that stability in both one- and two-parent families reduces the chance a child will develop behaviour problems.

"As long as there's order in the family, where people are close and confiding in each other," the child has a smaller chance of getting into trouble, says Shamsie.

"In spite of peers who are bad influences and TV and other media, kids tend not to get into trouble if they have close, warm confiding relationships with their parents. Tell them about what they're doing good and bad. If you do, you'll have vaccinated your kids against anti-social behaviour."

The studies in the book (published by Lugus Publications and the institute Shamsie founded) are geared toward youth workers, teachers, probation officers, social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists. But parents can also get a handle on what works.

One major finding is that helping these kids is rarely as easy as getting them individual counselling, which is "useless," says Shamsie.

"Most of the time, kids behave in response to their environment -- home, friends, school. If their environment remains the same, a counsellor sitting with them once a week won't do anything. You have to change the environment for kids to behave differently.

"Counsellors and youth workers have to work with the family in changing attitudes, and teach them skills for solving problems in a non-aggressive way," says Shamsie, adding that these workers often visit homes in the evening so parents don't have to leave work to attend sessions.

"Changing attitudes of the family towards the child works, as does changing the way the family interacts with the child."

Even one small sep -- like praising your son or daughter for doing something right -- can encourage them to want to do more of the same thing.

"We want to teach parents not to ignore the good behaviour, that praise works and punishment doesn't."

For more information about the book, call 416-979-4272.

Some pointers about children's behaviour:

Remember: Children are not born socialized. They learn to obey, to respect other people's rights, and to co-operate.

This learning takes place: When they have a close, warm and confiding relationship with caring adults like parents and grandparents; when they know what behaviour is acceptable; when acceptable behaviour is consistently approved and rewarded; when unacceptable behaviour is consistently disapproved; when children take part in educational and recreational activities.

You usually don't need to worry: If your child occasionally refuses to comply and is defiant; if misbehaviour happens only occasionally; if the child confides in you and doesn't steal, tell lies, hit other children, but on occasion when disciplined gets angry at you; if misbehaviour follows a traumatic event such as a death in the family and continues for less than six months.

You should worry: If your child is consistently defiant and refuses to comply and you feel helpless; if there are frequent complaints from school; if the child is stealing, lying and hitting siblings and other kids; if the child insists on playing with matches and has set fires; if behaviour is seriously affecting academic performance; if the child spends a great deal of time with friends who exhibit unacceptable behaviours; if unacceptable behaviours continue for more than six months.

What you can do:
• Develop a close relationship with your child by encouraging the child to confide in you. Be a good listener. Do not lecture. It seldom helps. Do not be too judgmental.
• Children are happy when they know what is acceptable and what is not. Set clear limits for your child and make sure he or she understands them. Notice and praise your child when he or she does the right things.
• Know where your child is at all times.
• Know your child's friends.
• Expect that your child will have some difficulties adjusting to changes such as divorce or remarriage, or the death of a pet. Be extra supportive at these times.

When to seek outside help:
• When in spite of your best effort your child continues to misbehave at home and school.
• When the misbehaviour is getting more serious (not only lying, but also stealing; not only stealing from home, but also stealing from the community).
• When the school is threatening to suspend, or has suspended, your child for misbehaviour.
• When the child's academic performance is seriously affected as a result of misbehaviour.

For help:
• Consult your family doctor who may refer you to a pediatrician or local children's mental-health centre.
• Call the mental-health centre directly.

Source: Institute for the Study of Anti-Social Behaviour in Youth, c/o the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto.

This article first appeared on August 15, 2000.

The matter can even be understood by the children themselves:

Pointers help prevent anti-social behaviour
By MARLENE HABIB -- Canadian Press
News of school shootings and other delinquent behaviour raises the question: Are kids more troubled nowadays than they were a few decades ago?

Dr. Jalal Shamsie, a psychiatrist who has been working with problem young people since 1963, just has to point to his new book to indicate that something has gone wrong.

"As long as there's order in the family, where people are close and confiding in each other," the child has a smaller chance of getting into trouble, says Shamsie.

One major finding is that helping these kids is rarely as easy as getting them individual counselling, which is "useless," says Shamsie.

"Changing attitudes of the family towards the child works, as does changing the way the family interacts with the child."

Even one small sep -- like praising your son or daughter for doing something right -- can encourage them to want to do more of the same thing.

"We want to teach parents not to ignore the good behaviour, that praise works and punishment doesn't."

For more information about the book, call 416-979-4272.

Some pointers about children's behaviour:

Remember: Children are not born socialized. They learn to obey, to respect other people's rights, and to co-operate.

For help:
• Consult your family doctor who may refer you to a pediatrician or local children's mental-health centre.
• Call the mental-health centre directly.

Source: Institute for the Study of Anti-Social Behaviour in Youth, c/o the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto.

This article first appeared on August 15, 2000.

http://www.headsup.org.uk/teachers_info/living_the_law.php?page=3

Then start wondering where any researcj might be:

Psychopathology
http://www.niwi.knaw.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoek/OND1252332/toon

By the law
http://www.niwi.knaw.nl/en/oi/nod/classificatie/A83000/toon

14 May 2004
Anti-Social Behaviour Seminar
Keele Community Safety Group, Department of Criminology, has hosted a half-day seminar on anti-social behaviour. The event took place in the Old Library, Keele Hall and was attended by a number of local councillors from Newcastle and Staffordshire Moorlands, along with the police, representatives of the two local authority Community Safety Departments and respective registered social landlords. Professor Anne Worrall, Head of Department, introduced the seminar and Peter Crawley (Criminology) and Geoff Heath (Management) presented the findings of their recently-completed research into anti-social behaviour and the use of Anti-Social Behaviour Orders in Newcastle and Staffordshire Moorlands. The purpose of the seminar was to disseminate the research and also canvass the views of practitioners and other interested parties. The results of the afternoon's discussions will be incorporated into the project report. http://www.keele.ac.uk/news/week/archive/2004/0514/0514-03.htm

Causes of anti-social behaviour
Anti-social behaviour is a blight on our society and providers will agree that the tools to tackle such behaviour should be available to social landlords.
But possession is not always the appropriate action as the below case study from Shelter demonstrates:
A client lives with her husband and teenage daughter. She is disabled and suffers from severe depression. Her daughter suffers from Crones Disease. Her husband had been served with an ASBO for harassment and verbal abuse. Neither the client nor the daughter were implicated in the behaviour. Despite this and the fact that the husband had kept to the terms of the order, possession was sought in early 2001. Although the application was initially rejected, possession was granted on appeal and the family were evicted. They were subsequently found to be intentionally homeless, the husband has lost his job and they have been living ever since in our client's mother's one bed flat.
Research commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation on ASB orders found that two thirds of the defendants had special needs or other specific problems.

18% have had a mental illness

18% had a history of physical or sexual abuse

12% drug misuse

11% alcohol misuse
The concern is that the definition of 'conduct which is capable of causing nuisance' is too broad and leaves those vulnerable at risk of eviction. SP may have a crucial role in ensuring support is delivered to those who may be at risk of being labelled as anti-social.
http://www.sitra.org.uk/index.php?id=462
Parenting and Anti-social behaviour
http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/iopweb/departments/home/default.aspx?locator=784
Mental health and anti-social behaviour
http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/iopweb/departments/home/default.aspx?locator=394

We apologise to our youth Update subscribers.
Due to many changes at IAY it has not been possible to provide you with the Autumn issue in September; this issue will now be sent to you at the beginning of next year. Adjustments to your subscriptions will be made.
Antisocial & Violent Youth VOLUME II
Selected Best Articles Published in Scientific Journals on Antisocial Youth between 1998-2002.
Subject titles include:
• Antisocial Behaviour
• Conduct Disorder & Other Disruptive Behaviour Disorders
• Aggressive Behaviour
• Juvenile Offenders
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Suicide
• Abuse & Neglect
• Substance Abuse
The book is NOW AVAILABLE- Price $20.00 or purchase BOTH
Volume I and Volume II for $35.00

Survey of Teacher Observations Concerning School Behaviour and Student Difficulties - Report now available
Excerpts from the Report on the School Survey submitted to Justice Canada, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties: Antisocial and Delinquent Behaviour

Highlights from the latest issue of Youth Update (Volume 20, Number 2, Winter 2002)
The Institute for the Study of Antisocial Behaviour in Youth (IAY)

is a non-profit organization providing research based information related to antisocial and violent behaviour in youth to:
Professionals | Parents | The Public For further information, please contact:
Institute for the study of Antisocial behaviour in Youth (lAY)
Syl Apps Youth Centre
475 Iroquois Shore Road
Oakville, ON L6H 1M3
Tel.: (905) 844-4110 ext 2202;
Fax: (905) 844-2996
Email: iay@kinark.on.ca Home | About the IAY | Publications | Seminars | Video Library | Links | Search Affiliated with the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children
This website is made possible through a grant from the Donner Foundation
You will need the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view these documents.
Click the image to download Adobe Acrobat Reader if you do not already have it.
Last Updated June 9, 2003
http://www.iay.org/

North: Rights group slams Anti-Social Behaviour Orders
25/08/2004 - 17:17:12

Children’s rights organisations in the North have attacked new laws intended to tackle anti-social behaviour which came into force today, claiming they do not work.

The Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) mean those named in them could be banned from neighbourhoods. Children as young as 10 can be targeted under the legislation, which is already operating in the UK.

Anyone who breaches the order could be fined or face up to five years in jail.

Northern Ireland Criminal Justice Minister John Spellar warned offenders the punishment will be severe.

He said: “This provides another tool in dealing with behaviour of this kind which can ruin lives and local communities. It complements measures which already exist and lets those who act in an anti-social way know that they will face firm sanctions.

“We will be working with all the agencies to make sure this legislation is used early and effectively.”

Orders can be imposed by a magistrate in cases where there is no associated conviction.

Police, district councils or the Housing Executive can all urge the action against anyone they believe poses an anti-social threat.

But the courts will have discretionary powers to impose reporting restrictions and prevent children being named and shamed.

However, Koulla Yiasouma, director of Include Youth, said: “The problem is that ASBOs are being held up by government as the answer to all our prayers but in reality they are nothing of the sort.”

Children’s Law Centre director Paddy Kelly claimed the legislation clearly infringed on young people’s rights.

“Anyone who is charged with a criminal offence is entitled to have their day in court, to have a fair trial,” she said.

“However, because ASBOs are obtained in the civil court, the same safeguards are not in place. We are therefore simply criminalising children by the back door.”

Sinn Féin’s human rights spokeswoman Caitriona Ruane agreed, accusing the British government of ignoring the clamour of opposition.

“The decision to force through this legislation against widespread concerns demonstrates a pig-headed arrogance,” she said.

SDLP equality spokeswoman Patricia Lewsley claimed the authorities had let down all young people in Northern Ireland by introducing such harsh measures.

She said: “They are willing to tag people as young as 10 as criminal – this is insane and completely disregards equality legislation, in particular by failing to consult with young people.”
Then you can always get the best ways forward with ASBOs according to the Government on http://www.together.gov.uk/
Anti-social personality disorder:
European Description
The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders
World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992

F60.2 Dissocial (Antisocial) Personality Disorder
Personality disorder, usually coming to attention because of a gross disparity between behaviour and the prevailing social norms, and characterized by at least 3 of the following:
(a) callous unconcern for the feelings of others;
(b) gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules and obligations;
(c) incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, though having no difficulty in establishing them;
(d) very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence;
(e) incapacity to experience guilt and to profit from experience, particularly punishment;
(f) marked proneness to blame others, or to offer plausible rationalizations, for the behaviour that has brought the patient into conflict with society.
There may also be persistent irritability as an associated feature. Conduct disorder during childhood and adolescence, though not invariably present, may further support the diagnosis.
Includes:
* amoral, antisocial, asocial, psychopathic, and sociopathic personality (disorder)
Excludes:
* conduct disorders
* emotionally unstable personality disorder

Personality Disorders
A personality disorder is a severe disturbance in the characterological constitution and behavioural tendencies of the individual, usually involving several areas of the personality, and nearly always associated with considerable personal and social disruption. Personality disorder tends to appear in late childhood or adolescence and continues to be manifest into adulthood. It is therefore unlikely that the diagnosis of personality disorder will be appropriate before the age of 16 or 17 years. General diagnostic guidelines applying to all personality disorders are presented below; supplementary descriptions are provided with each of the subtypes.
Diagnostic Guidelines
Conditions not directly attributable to gross brain damage or disease, or to another psychiatric disorder, meeting the following criteria:
(a) markedly dysharmonious attitudes and behaviour, involving usually several areas of functioning, e.g. affectivity, arousal, impulse control, ways of perceiving and thinking, and style of relating to others;
(b) the abnormal behaviour pattern is enduring, of long standing, and not limited to episodes of mental illness;
(c) the abnormal behaviour pattern is pervasive and clearly maladaptive to a broad range of personal and social situations;
(d) the above manifestations always appear during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood;
(e) the disorder leads to considerable personal distress but this may only become apparent late in its course;
(f) the disorder is usually, but not invariably, associated with significant problems in occupational and social performance.
For different cultures it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regard to social norms, rules and obligations. For diagnosing most of the subtypes listed below, clear evidence is usually required of the presence of at least three of the traits or behaviours given in the clinical description.
http://www.mentalhealth.com/icd/p22-pe04.html
And finally it may even be the food that you eat. Check out this wonderful site:
http://www.fabresearch.org/view_item.aspx?item_id=639&open2=false
Do our Government really govern for the people’s well-being?!

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